Which international instrument commonly governs the cross-border enforcement of CAS awards?

• A. The Geneva Convention.
• B. The Lisbon Treaty.
• C. The Paris Agreement.
• D. The New York Convention.

Answer: (D)

Cross-border enforcement of CAS awards is governed by the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. CAS awards are arbitral awards, and the New York Convention creates a universal framework that requires signatory courts to recognize and enforce such awards with limited defenses. This streamlines enforcement across different jurisdictions, which is essential for international sports disputes where parties seek foreign enforcement. The other instruments listed do not address arbitration enforcement: the Geneva Convention relates to humanitarian law, the Lisbon Treaty concerns EU institutions and governance, and the Paris Agreement deals with climate change.